Navigating pregnancy with cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, risk stratification, and maternal–fetal outcomes

Abstract

Pregnancy induces significant cardiovascular changes, including increases in heart rate, blood volume, and cardiac output, which may exacerbate existing heart conditions or unmask previously undiagnosed heart diseases.. This review outlines the types of cardiovascular diseases that affect pregnant women, organized by the modified World Health Organization risk classification. It covers key areas, including how pregnancy impacts the heart, common maternal and fetal complications, and effective management strategies. The review emphasizes the importance of preconception counseling, risk assessment, and continuous monitoring to ensure the best maternal and fetal outcomes. It also highlights practical guidelines for healthcare providers and discusses the latest research findings to improve clinical care for pregnant women with heart disease.